海洋生物学:深海之中 - 深海中的生命
[第3集] 深海中的生命-大卫.盖罗
现在你可以看到这样一个令人难以置信、景色独特的峡谷,到处是支柱、热泉、喷发的火山和地震。这些奇异的的动物就生活在这里靠地里冒出来的化学能量为生,他们毫不需要阳光。所有这些都发生在40,000英尺长的山脊周围,我们称之为生命带。即使是今天,此时此刻,生命正诞生与火山活动中。
——David Gallo
观看1998年一场经典的TED演讲“David Gallo :深海中的生命”。伍兹霍尔海洋研究所的David Gallo打开一扇舷窗,让我们看到了地球上最奇特的生态系统:深海热液喷口生物群落。从单细胞细菌到两米长的管状蠕虫,Gallo让我看到了这些惊人生物在温度极高、布满硫化物、压力为4,000 psi且漆黑一片的环境下是如何茁壮成长的。
我们一直在探索着太阳系其他地方有生命存在的可能性,当我们看到各种大量的生物体生活在深海热液喷口群落,科学家们开始重新思考什么样的环境是生命存活的极限。此外,深海热液喷口生态系统中化学环境的丰富性使得一些科学家认为这种生态系统也许就是地球生命的起源。
1) Gallo讲话过程中,最不可思议的统计数据、微生物或者地理特征是什么?
• BBC Nature: Hydrothermal Vents http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Hydrothermal_vent http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-videos/hydrothermal-vent-creatures • NOAA (2011). NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer: Mid-Cayman Rise [Video]. • Van Dover (2000) Van Dover, C. (2000) The Ecology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
• Martin, W., Baross, J., Kelley, D., Russell, M.J. (2008) Hydrothermal vents and the origin of life. Nature Reviews Microbiology 6: 805-814. • Lane, N., and Martin, W.F. (2012.) The origin of membrane bioenergetics. Cell 151: 1407-1416. • Ghose, T. (2013, January 10). Origin of life: Did a simple pump drive the process? [Blog post] LiveScience. (Discussion of Lane & Martin, 2012). • Fields, H. (2010). The origins of life. Smithsonian. • Choi, C. (2011, March 22). 7 theories on the origin of life[Blog post]. LiveScience. 4) 建立两个不同生物地理区域的热液喷口食物链(例如,东太平洋脊与大西洋中脊)。两条食物链的相似点和差异点是什么?参考以下资源: NOAA Ocean Explorer: Chemosynthetic Food Web http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/edu/learning/5_chemosynthesis/activities/hydrothermal.html • Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre: Endeavor Ridge Food Web http://oceanlink.island.net/SOLE/vents/End_foodweb.html • Govenar, B. 2012. Energy transfer through food webs at hydrothermal vents: Linking the lithosphere to the biosphere. Oceanography 25(1):246–255. • Van Dover (2000) Van Dover, C. (2000) The Ecology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
深入阅读与相关资源: • Gallo, D. (Presenter) and TED (Producer). (2008). Underwater astonishments[Video]. • Gallo, D. (Presenter) and TED-Ed (Producer). (2012). Deep ocean mysteries and wonders[Video]. • Kaiser, E. (Producer) and Gallo, D. (Interviewee). (2012, October 1). David Gallo on the mysteries of the ocean floor. [Radio program segment]. The Daily Circuit, Minnesota Public Radio. • Gallo, D. (Presenter) and American Association for the Advancement of Science (Producer). (2012). Cutting Edge: Exploring the deep with WHOI’s David Gallo[Video]. • Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution National Deep Submergence Facility http://www.whoi.edu/main/ndsf • Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute: Mission to the Deep http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/efc/efc_mbari/mbari_home.aspx http://oceantoday.noaa.gov/underwatervolcanoes/welcome.html • Connelly, D.P. et al. (2011). Hydrothermal vent fields and chemosynthetic biota on the world’s deepest seafloor spreading centre. Nature Communications 3: 620. • Dubilier, N., Bergin, C., and Lott, C. (2008). Symbiotic diversity in marine animals: the art of harnessing chemosynthesis. Nature Reviews Microbiology 6: 725-740 • Vrijenhoek, R.C. (2010) Genetic diversity and connectivity of deep-sea hydrothermal vent metapopulations. Molecular Ecology 19: 4391-4411.
经典实验、研究与文章 Corliss, J., Dymond, J., Gordon, L., Edmond, J., von Herzen, R., Ballard, R., et. al. (1979). Submarine thermal springs on the Galápagos rift. Science (203)4385, pp. 1073-1083. 这篇具有里程碑意义的文章描述的是在加拉帕戈斯裂谷热液喷口区的考察。考察期间,科学家首次观察到海洋最深处的生物体。作者们称,在热液喷口群落的发现解释了洋中脊的“失踪热量”,他们同时推测,化合作用是喷口区初级产物的基础。 接下来: Edith Widder在其TED演讲“奇妙的生物发光世界”讲述了她如何因潜水器的局限性(Gallo、 deGruy、 Earle等其他人使用的潜水器)而开发出新的途径,去近距离接触那些在海洋最黑暗的地方自己制造光源的生物。 关于作者:Alex Rogers是一名海洋生物学家,主要研究深海生态系统,包括热液喷口,冷水珊瑚的栖息地和海丘。Rogers也是牛津大学保护生物学的教授。 |
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